Summary of the Viking Raids in Ireland

Summary of the Vi fairy Raids in IrelandBurying items of personal, social or economical value in pick ups was not only exclusive to the Viking era, indeed hoards have been give dating back to the hunter ga in that respectr period du bunch the Mesolithic and Paleoindian era.1By analysing Viking hoards it is contingent to glimpse into the wide ranging grasp of the Viking economy and into the minting solve and ash grey metallurgy of the creation at the eon. Silver was engagementd as the principal means of exchange throughout the Viking world . Silver hoards in Ireland ar crucial evidence for trade, circumstance and lifestyle of the Vikings and the Irish, and the kind both societies had with maven another due to the many finds. In order to fully understand the implications the Viking settlement had on Ireland and the subsequent relationship which was make amongst the two communities a brief summary of events pass oning to the burial of hoards in Ireland is required to dr aw any possible links between the two. However it is tempting and sometimes unwise to assume a link between the deposition of particular hoards with specific historical events as some may have been deposited for purely local or family reasons. What is certain is that a vast majority of hoards were buried for safe keeping, which is proven by the fact that the majority of gold hoards found billscided with the defeat of the Vikings at Tara in 980AD. Gold hoards found in H be Island and cash hoards found in Lough Ree (which a Viking fleet from Limerick dominated during the 920s and 930s) excessively show a connection between craft of land by Vikings and the subsequent burial of hoards.2Nevertheless all plausible circumstances must be researched in order to come to a conclusion or at least a commence of possibilities concerning the purpose of a specific hoard. This essay get out concentrate on case studies of specific hoards after a brief summary of Viking settlement in Ireland.C hapter I Brief Summary of Viking raids and subsequent occupation in IrelandThe first recorded Viking raid in Ireland took place in 795 AD in Rathlin. Thereafter Viking attacks continued in the form of costal raiding. afterward a series of raids in the trades union the Vikings moved westward where there were multiple monasteries in 807AD, of which some were raided. For the first time annals begin to sketch violence (although no battles) between the Vikings and the Irish. After a break there began attacks once again by the Vikings on the south coast of Ireland in 821AD along with further raids in the north-east in 823AD. From 825AD the annals report severe attacks along the east coast of Ireland on churches and local costal kingdoms. There was too hearty eng advancement with local Irish kings and with this the first Viking Age in Ireland had begun.3In 832AD a Viking fleet once again invaded Irelands northern and eastern coasts. During the 830s raids, the Vikings began to bid dee per into Ireland. In 838AD a small Viking fleet entered the river Liffey. The Vikings set up a base there cal conduct a Longphort which eventually became Dublin. Dublin became the most serious and wealthinessiest warmheartedness in Viking Ireland. It is no affectcidence that the majority of fluent hoards were found in the Dublin bea which had a wealth unequalled in the west of Ireland and indeed the majority of the Viking world.4Silver which was utilizationd throughout the Viking world as the main material of exchange has been found in monumental quantities in Ireland, over a hundred and thirty silver hoards to be precise. A hundred and twenty of these were found in Dublin dating from the 9th until the 11th atomic number 6.The Vikings were able to branch collide with into different areas in the country by sailing through the river Liffey. The Vikings then began to build trading centres that developed into towns and cities around the Irish coast from the heart and soul of the 9th atomic number 6. It was in these places that the first coins in Ireland were minted as well as trading goods and slaves. Economic links were established with the wider Viking world for example the town of Jorvik (York) in England, across atomic number 63 and the Near East. After 840AD, Vikings had several bases in strategic locations throughout Ireland. In 902 the Vikings were temporarily expelled from Dublin due to an Irish alliance, hitherto they soon returned. The Viking rulers of Dublin became compound with the political conflicts between Irish kingdoms which r separatelyed its pinnacle when in 1014 the Vikings of Dublin allied with Leinster in their battle for supremacy against Munster. The Vikings and Leinstermen were defeated in the Battle of Clontarf which is seen as the ending of Viking powerfulness in Ireland. However Vikings still played an active role in Irish life until the Anglo Norman invasion of 1169.5The earliest raids which add upred up to the cooper ate decade of the 9th century are said to have been undertaken from the Vikings from south-west Norway. The more violent attacks which occurred in 821AD and later were conducted by a larger and more unionised force. There would have been logistical problems bringing large fleets from Norway and and so a theory is that the invaders came from surfaceby, namely the Viking settlements in the Northern andWestern Isles of Scotland.6These large scale raids led to the occupation of the Irish eastmidlands.Full term occupation in Ireland can generally said have begun with exploratory raids, then heavy loot and slaving in order to break the resistance of the Irish population and then finally occupation and the establishment of a regional kingdom. Vikings in Ireland adopted a different strategy of colonising Ireland namely economically. From the mid 9th century Vikings became very involved in politics by siding with Irish kings against other Irish kings. In the early decades of tenth centur y, Vikings realized they could not conquer through force and started founding trade centres instead such as the aforementioned Dublin which became important for Irish sea affairs and commercial centre of international importance.The raids and consequent settlements by Vikings in the east of Ireland were particularly intense due to the Viking Kings of Scotland in the middle of the 9th century having previously exercised authority over the Vikings and their settlements in Ireland (though not over all as annals report activities of Viking adventures with no commitments to Scottish Viking royalty). Whereas the Norwegian raids of the north and the west Ireland were conducted by small, mobile Viking groups, by 830AD Viking raiders consisted of large fleets of ships which led to permanent bases being established on the coasts by 840AD. Dublin was to be the most significant of these settlements long term.Chapter II The debates contact Viking hoards in IrelandViking hoards in Ireland can be defined in three categories, coinless hoards, mixed hoards and coin hoards. Using silver in form of coin senesce did not happen until the late Anglo-Saxon economy of the Viking Age and so the worth of silver was measured in weight and therefore was acceptable in other forms which some hoards represent by including a mixture of cut up fragments of ingots and/or ornaments and later on, coins.7Silver started appearing in Ireland from 850AD in the form of coins and ingots which correlates with the beginning of Viking settlement in Ireland.Single Viking age silver finds in Ireland withal appear which raises the question of what the purpose of burying silver hoards was. The threat of Viking raids would be sufficient for the burial of hoards in order to protect the wealth which could be later, just now was not, reclaimed. This is a plausible explanation however there are other possible reasons why hoards were buried and then not recovered. One theory is that pagans in the Viking Age bel ieved that the deceased would need riches in the afterlife which were the treasures he had buried whilst stillalive. However this story was written long after the Christianisation of Scandinavia and so it in uncertain about its accuracy. Another possible reason for burying hoards was in order to protect silver generally (without specific threat of invasion) by leaders so that they could in time avenge their followers with silver. This display of wealth and power could also have lead to hoards of silver being buried in order to eliminate them from circulation, creating a talk point for others.8Another debate is who buried which hoards. Hoards do not seem to completely correlate with the pattern of Norse settlement, although there are numerous finds near Dublin. More hoards are found in territories controlled by independent Irish Kings than in areas controlled by Vikings.9All this information raises the question of what use hoards had for the Irish and Vikings. The break down of distribution of hoards shows us that many of them where in native willpower when buried. However it is also possible that the hoards were given to the Irish by Vikings for political reasons, or were cosseted items. Many other hoards on the other hand represent Viking wealth. By end of millennium Viking hoards contained rarely anything but coins.10Chapter III Coinless hoardsGenerally coinless hoards consist of a range of ornaments and/or ingots and hack silver. In total there are to date fifty-one coinless hoards of early Viking Age date . Coinless hoards can be divided up into three sub-groups on the basis of their form and structure. Analysing hoards in this way enables a more specific research into their intended purpose and origin. One type of Viking age coinless hoard contains neither hack silver nor ingots and is composed exclusively of complete ornaments. Most of these ornaments are of Hiberno Scandinavian type and vary in their style from 4 examples. These types of hoar ds account of nearly half the total number of coinless hoards.11Half of all Viking age hoards from the 9th and tenth century fall into the coinless category and consist largely or wholly of Hiberno-Scandinavian ornaments. Examples of these finds consist of hoards from Raphoe in County Donegal and Cushalogurt in County Mayo. The most common item found in coinless hoards are the broad band armrings which are Hiberno-Scandinavian silver artefacts. Their dates range between 850AD and 950AD. This case study concerns itself with this sub-group of Viking silver hoards. baptistry StudyA Hoard of Viking silver bracelets from County Donegal and County MayoUntil 1966 there were the remains of what appears to have been a rath or cashel in the townland of Roosky in east County Donegal.. The owner of the land decided to build a house with a ford and cleared away most of the surrounding wall. Several foundation trenches were cut for the foundation walls of the new house but no archaeological evide nce was found.However whilst demolishing the wall of the fort, four silver bracelets where discovered on the surface of the ground on the inside. This lead the finder to believe that the bracelets had fallen down with the wall itself which would mean that they had been hidden in one of the gaps between the stones of the wall. This indicates that the fort was built earlier that the making of the bracelets. The four objects were found so jamly together than they could only be interpreted as a hoard. The four bracelets are common in types of Viking silver work in Europe. In Ireland no silver bracelet resembling those from Roosky has so far been found. Those found in Britain range in dates from 900AD to the 11th century. 7 In Eastern Europe, bracelets which have been found that have resemblance to the Roosky bracelets date to the first half of the 12th century. This suggests the true source being from the west and/or influence from that area. Muslim Spain has also been suggested as th e original source but superficial evidence supports this.12J. Raftery concludes that the bracelets were probably Norse in origin as their shape has no forerunners in Ireland and the nature of the ornamentation on them has no parallels amongst native Irish material. This does not however push away the possibility of the bracelets being made in Ireland by Norse or Irish silver-workers. The conclusion by . . Rordin that Viking silver ornaments of Irish birthplace were made in Ireland and the material used is the product of silver mines in Ireland has little evidence to back the claim up.1314This hoard is interesting because of where it was, namely near the coast. Most Viking hoards come from near the coast. This could suggest that the pattern of chance finds of Viking objects coincided with what we know of the movements of Norsemen. However some of these discoveries could represent Irish loot from Vikings who had ventured ashore. The number of Norse items from non costal areas is quite small.A hoard of 25 silver bracelets and fragments was discovered in 1939 on the peninsula in the townland of Cushalogurt, Kilmeena parish, Burrishoole barony, County Mayo. The discovery was only six yards from the shore. This hoard is the largest of its king known in Ireland. It is connected to the Roosky hoard findings in that as regards to shape and decoration, the bracelets are unparalleled amongst earlier Irish material but do occur often in Viking age contexts of Scandinavia and Europe. Their popularity continued in Scandinavia until the 13th century but in Britain their popularity assessed on deposition ceased at an earlier date. . . Rordin pointed out when discussing the bracelets from Carrowmore in Co. Donegal that numismatic evidence from Scotland and England demonstrated that the bracelets were in fashion during there during the 10th and 11th centuries. That the Vikings were responsible for their introduction into Ireland can be seen by the accompaniment of the Ru nic letter R incised on the back of one of the bracelets from the hoard from Roosky which emphasised its Scandinavian derivation.15The second sub group of coinless hoards contain ingots and/or ornaments but no hack silver. This type of hoard is more uncommon and makes up only 16% of the total number of coinlesshoards. In most cases these ornaments are of Hiberno-Scandinavian type and vary in number from two to four examples.Case Study Hoard from Carraig Aille, County LimerickThe next sub group accounts for 36% of the total coinless hoards and is characterized by the presence of hack silver. Most of these hoards also contain ingots. A classic example of this type of hoard in that from Carraig Aille, County Limerick, which contains one complete ring, three ring fragments, two ingots and an ingot fragment.16The fragments of bracelets found here link to the hoard mentioned previously which consisted of 25 silver bracelets from County Mayo. Both are the same type of bracelet (rectangular and cross-sectioned) and are dated to the 10th century.17The context in which the hoard from Carriag Aille, Co. Limerick was found is quite interesting. On the hill where the hoard was found stand two Iron age stone Cashels which are on the bank of Lough Gur and dated between 8th and 11th century AD. Both forts are quite low, the wall only perchance 1- 1.5m high although originally they would have been considerably higher. There is an entrance in both of them to the east. This fort is not unusual in style and would have been built by the native Irish.18The question lies on who was responsible for creating the hoard and who buried it. It seems that the bracelet is Scandinavian whereas the ingots have no evidence to suggest their origin. The 10th century was a turbulent time in Co. Limerick. The Vikings founded the town Limerick in 922 AD as a strategic point between the Shannon and Abbey River. However the Vikings often fought each other (seen with the attack of Vikings from Dublin on Limerick in 924) as well as fighting the native Irish. In 968 the Irish gained control over Limerick but it was short lived as in 969 the Vikings regained their authority. It would be until the early 11th century until the Irish assumed full control of the town once again and this time the Vikings absorbed into Irish society.19Carraig Aille is roughly 20km from the town of Limerick and would have been easily accessible by rivers. There is evidence of the Waterford Vikings creating a base at Lough Gur, which Carraig Aille is in close proximity to on the east side. Carriag Aille would have witnessed the base which was built as an advancement point for the Waterford Vikings to Limerick. During the disputes with the Limerick Vikings and Dublin Vikings, the Waterford Vikings sided with Dublin. The Waterfordmen were defeated by the Limerick Vikings and their Irish allies, apparently at Kilmallock (which lies in between Limerick and Logh Gur) in 927.20Geographically Carraig Aille could have been caught amongst the disputes and the subsequent burial of the hoard could be a consequence as the date of the bracelets coincide with the power struggles in that area. What is not certain is whether the native Irish or the Vikings buried the hoard, as that would depend on who had control over the forts, this evidence is not available. Their similitude to the 25 silver bracelets found in County Mayo suggest that they were made by Hiberno-Norse silversmiths.Chapter IIII Mixed hoardsMixed hoards consist of non-numismatic silver combined with coins. Around 16 of Irelands hoards are of this type, fifteen of which were deposited during the 10th century. Most of these hoards contain ingots or ingot derived hack silver in addition to coins and occasionally ornament derived hack silver. The 10th century first see substantial amounts of coins be buried with hoards in Ireland. It was the period of the second half of the 9th century and the first half of the tenth century that saw Hi berno Vikings develop their silver-working. From 920 until ca 1000 begins the most debatable phase of hoard deposition. It was in this period that the Vikings increased their power in Leinster and Munster and consequently there was an upsurge in violence between the Vikings and the Irish and indeed the Vikings amongst themselves. Dublin was also rapidly developing as a trading port. The deposition of hoards take a crap a peak in c.970 and the scholar Dolley has suggested that this coincides with rising violence prior o the defeat of the Vikings at the battle of Tara in 980.21There were a large number of coins minted in York found in hoards dating to the early part of the period and this reflects close political links between Viking York and Dublin. Hoards from c.925-c.975 are dominated by Anglo-Saxon coins minted in Chester which reflects the importance of the trade route between Dublin and Chester. After c.975 the number of coins from Chester decline and the number of coins from the West country rises which show the growing importance of the Dublin to/from Bristol trade route. The re-establishment of Dublin and the growth of other Viking towns during the first decades of the 10th century saw a gradual transition from bullion towards coin usage in economy. Whereas previously coins were often melted, now they began to be retained as familiarity for coin usage in trade increased which would finally lead to the minting of the first Hiberno-Norse coins in Dublin c- 977. The earliest hoards of Hiberno-Norse coins from Dundalk, County Louth and Clondalkin, County Dublin were deposited around c.997-1000. The practise of hoarding continued, however by the end of the millennium Viking age silver hoards contained rarely anything except coins.2223The distribution of coinless hoards are relatively evenly spread over much of Ireland, however mixed hoards and coin hoards display a starchy concentration on the east coast of the east Midlands. This can be seen as evidence for the central role of Viking costal settlements, particularly Dublin in the dispersal of silver within Ireland.24Case Study Mixed hoard from Dysart Island, County WestmeathThis hoard is a relatively recent and was deposited ca. 907 AD. This hoard contains Kufic dirhams and coins from Anglo Saxon England, Viking York and possibly Carollingian in Germany as well as ingots and a variety of fragmentary ornaments. This important hoard may in part be derived from wealth captured by the Irish as a result of the sack of Dublin. The Dysart Island hoard could reflect the expulsion of the Vikings from Ireland in 902 and their subsequent settlement in north-west Britain. Metal analysis of the silver in the Dysart hoard demonstrates close affinities with the nearby hoard from Carrick which contained 60 ingots and it is possible that they are of similar date.25The Dysart hoard is significant in that it has ingots which are quite handle those from the infamous Cuerdale hoard. graham flour Camb ell uses this as evidence that the Norse remained actively involved in Irish affairs despite their loss of Dublin in 902.26Graham Cambell has shown that the massive Cuerdale Hoard of ca. 903 is of likely Hiberno-Norse origin. Cuerdale was in Danish-Viking Northumbria but close to Norse Viking strongholds in Ireland. The hoard contained about 7,000 coins and over 1,300 pieces of silver. The range of the material, including Hiberno-Norse armrings and fragments of both bossed penannular brooches and thistle brooches, is closely same with Dysart. The slightly later hoard from Goldsborough c.920, Yorkshire also contains fragments of similar brooches and armrings. Hoards outside of Ireland could be possible evidence of the sudden defeat of the Vikings in Ireland and the subsequent bringing of the silversmith trade to Britain. The publishers of the Dysart coin hoard conclude that the hoard was deposited in an entirely Irish context at a time when the Vikings had been expelled from Dublin. 27Chapter V Coin hoards in conclusion the last category of Viking hoard in Ireland is the hoard which consists exclusively of coins. These hoards represent in bullion terms and insignificant element of the overall silver wealth of the Viking Age in Ireland. There are over sixty examples of coin hoards on record however most of these are quite small in size. The majority were deposited after c.940 and the type of issues found in them are predominantly Anglo Saxon. However Arabic coins as well as those issued by the Viking Northumbrian and East Anglian rulers are also correspond. Hiberno-Norse coin issues dominate the composition of the 11th century hoards.Michael Dolley has established some theories about coins from Viking age Ireland. Coins were first imported by the Dublin Hiberno-Norse and coin use in Ireland was confined to the Norse. Graham Cambell has remained non-committal on the subject of whether the native Irish used coins. Irish coin use, as opposed to the study of coins themselves as been of secondary interest in works by scholars such as Michael Dolley. Marilyn Gerriets states that closer examination of evidence demonstrated that the conclusion that the Irish rejected the use of coins is based on little evidence.28She argues that hoards do not correlate with patterns of Norse settlement but rather more hoards are found in territories controlled by independent Irish kings. Secondly, non-coin Viking artefacts are better correlated with Viking activity in the interior of Ireland than are coins. Dolleys theory of spatial distribution of coin hoards and other artefacts is an unreliable indicator of coin use. Many factors, including the pattern of contemporary violence and the distribution of modern economic activity, bias the pattern of finds. The hypothesis that the Irish did not use coin still could be supported if the assumption was made that coins founds in Irish territories bordering Dublin arrived as plunder from rains on Dublin or were doomed b y Vikings resident in Irish kingdoms. Although some hoards lost in Irish territory could have been the booty of plunder, many hoards correlate poorly with instances of plunder recorded in the Annals according to Gerriets.29Irish regions have more hoards during their periods of greatest power when Irish natives were in control instead of Vikings. Gerriets argues that too little is known about early Irish society to support the argument regarding how the Irish might have used coin, or whether they used it at all.Case Study Coin hoard from Dunbrody, County WexfordThis coin hoard is the largest found in Ireland with over 1600 examples of coin. It was discovered in 1836 beside Waterford harbour. This reflects the function of the estuary as a trade route. It could also relate to trading activities with the adjacent monastic centre of Kilmokea, situated at a strategic ferry crossing on the road linking the Norse towns of Wexford and Waterford.30The hoard consists of predominantly Hiberno-N orse phase coins In addition there were ca. 200 late Anglo-Saxon pennies from editions by Cnut to Edward the Confessor, the majority being of the latter. The hoard therefore can be dated to c.1050 based on the Anglo-Saxon element.31Waterford Harbour was under the control of Vikings during this period and therefore it is plausible that the hoard was buried by Vikings, however we cannot be certain.ConclusionThe distribution patterns of silver hoards in Ireland give us the most information about the relations between the Vikings and the Irish. Coinless hoards are fairly evenly spread, however with a concentration in the central midlands. Mixed hoards and coin hoards are found predominantly in the midlands and east coast of Ireland. The majority of silver hoards were deposited in areas of Ireland that were not under control by the Vikings which can be taken as evidence that although many of the finds were Viking in style, they were in fact in the ownership of the native Irish. We cannot be certain how the wealth was acquired but the fact that the hoards were found in contemporary native Irish territory suggests evidence of trade and the process of giving receiving gifts between the Irish and the Vikings. The changing economy of Viking Ireland can be seen by the steady transformation of what was contained in hoards. From the late 9th century to the early 10th century there is a steady transition from a bullion economy (seen in the coinless hoards) to an economy which imported and used coins. Coins were in existence in advance the burial of coin hoards, however many were melted to their silver state in order to be used for other objects. Coins began being retained, and this transition is represented by the mixed hoards which can be associated with the foundation of the Scandinavian towns during the beginning of the 10th century. From the mid of the 10th century, coinless and mixed hoards decline dramatically whilst coin hoards suffer more prominent. By the beginni ng of the 11th century the transformation from bullion is completed.

Human Rights and Prisoner Rights

Human Rights and Prisoner RightsAbdullah Bin Omar, a former prisoner in Guantanamo Bay prison was verbalize to be one of the worst criminals regarding terrorism. Bin Omar was captured by the unite States army in Pakistan after he had spent twenty three years in an unknown prison in Tunisia. The unfairness that Abdullah faced was the fact that he wasnt told nor convicted of any real or specific crime. Cliff Stafford Smith, who is a legal film director of Reprieve, a UK charity that pull up stakess front -line investigation and legal representation to prisoners found out that Bin Omar was captured with no charges and no trial was made for him. Smith verbalise there be umpteen a(prenominal) other Guantanamo prisoners facing Bin Omars fate, much as they want to get out of Guantanamo- a purgatory of imprisonment without charge or trail (Smith, 2007). Another example of such unfairness is Eddie/Canada. Eddie was convicted of murder and was set to stay in prison for the rest of his life. More whole over, Eddie was tot entirelyy aware of the prisons procedures and knew his limits during his time over there. Although Eddie killed himself on August 10th, evidence proved that the ignorance of the prison system by those who made and passed on the prisons rules, not mentioning the carelessness of the guards regarding their prisoners were pretty much the main reasons for Eddies suicide. These cardinal examples illustrate and introduce my topic of prisoners rights, which put up be supported by condition number five in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states No one shall be subject to torture or to brute(a), in valet or degrading treatment or punishment(Universal declaration of human rights, 1948). The main topic of this explore paper is relying solely on prisoners rights and the declaration of their humanity. Because prisoners are still considered as humans, yet they are being tortured and neglected, prisoners should demand for their rights as hu man beings.In this research paper, I impart be discussingThe prisoners environment.Prisoners image from the societys point of view.What the society has done for prisoners.Prisoners environmentGeneral abuseLife in prison can be seen from multiple views. First of all, the purpose of creating prisons is nothing provided to punish certain people who possess been claimed to be criminals. Also, the general idea is to treat prisoners evenly within the prison walls and help providing them with whatever they require to go on their lives as human beings. However, not all prisons share or at least work with such an idea. Richard Tewksbury and Margaret J Mahoney, Criminal Justice academics said As criminal justice academics and practitioners, we know that this sunny look at incarceration is rarely the tangible experience of an offender. Although their frequency may be sensationalized by the media, the numerous hardships of prison and jail life (e.g., rape, gangs, drugs, abuse) do exist. T hey excessively mentioned that such abuses are found among the inmates and also among the inmates and the staff guards, officers and etc Despite the help authorities as well as governments provide for prisoners to speak out their abuses, many inmates are still not satisfactory to do so, due to the fear from the doer weather another inmate or a staff member. Furthermore, not all claims of abuses by prisoners are true, since many inmates have attempted to make false claims against other inmates or their own staff in the purpose of creating troubles.Sexual abuse and lack of tuitional rangeTo be more precise, inmates all over the world suffer from sexual abuses by both other inmates as well as the staff. In an article regarding sexual victimization in prisons, Richard Tewksbury states that many rape or sexual abuse incidents among inmates are still unknown and are being under-reported. Also, lots of these abuses fleet between prisoners because of the lower level of education they r eceive either before getting to prison or inside the prison itself. In other words, many prisoners who lack of educational background reflect their behavior toward each other and the other inmates as well. Hilde Hetland explains in his article Educational Background in a prison population the rates of inmates level of education as follows14.2 percent of state prisoners have an eighth grade education or less as their highest educational attainment33.2 percent have completed high school.Only 2.4 percent of state prisoners have reached a college degree.When ob avail such rates, we can all the way sense the lack of educational background inmates have acquired, and therefore, such a low level of education reflects negatively on their behavior resulting in all kinds of abusing, provided most especially, sexual abuses.Prisoners and Sadist guardsA lot of inmates experience different kinds of abuses from sadist guardswho use their powers to treat their inmates in an inhuman manner. Theodor e Dalrymple, a British psychiatrist and a prison doctor shows in his article The Evils of Ideology how sadist guards take an advantage of their powers towards abusing their prisoners. I have little doubt that he would have kicked him hard and practically in short, given him what used to be called in prison warders parlance the black aspirin, which is to say the prison warders boot if I had turned my back for an instant. (Theodore Dalrymple, 2006). much(prenominal) an act is one of many sadist guards use against inmates and some of these incidents are being reported due to the fear of the guards threats and warnings. Theodore puts the blame on the government, the one that agreed to fill people with such mental illness to be as guards for inmates whom after all are human beings and have their own rights to claim.Discrimination among prisonersIn the 1980s, the linked States of America has suffered severe economical crisis in which it has reflected negatively not still on the so ciety but prisoners as well. According to Bert Kimball in his book States of military blockade U. S. Prison Riots, 1971-1986, due to the lack of liquidity, the government was unable to provide enough spaces for all prisoners, therefore, every 119 prisoners were to share a space that fit for only atomic number 6 prisoners. As a result of such action, cruel discrimination appeared among prisoners and their guards. For example, a Muslim prisoner received less rights or services than a Christian one. Also, a massive discrimination occurred between blacks and whites which was caused by the guards different treatment for each race. Other than discrimination, the Eighth Amendment that stated the right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment was violated due to the lack of organization among the guards.Prisoners image from the societys point of viewPrisoners main definition is that they are certain people who have been claimed to be involved in an illegal or a criminalized act agains t the society. Such a definition does leave an impact on how the society perceives prisoners as humans with rights to claim for. According to Deborah Cheney the Howard Journal of Criminal Justice certain serving prisoners have the right to vote as any other citizen, establish on criteria such as sentence length and offence seriousness. We can observe from this quote that not all prisoners have the right to vote, and therefore, not all prisoners deserve to be given such right due to the level of crime they have caused to the society. As human beings, societies are not capable to fully sympathize with individuals who have been convicted of doing harmful or filthy acts towards the society they live in. therefore, not all prisoners can be treated the similar or in an equal manner. For example, a society can emotionally forgive a man who robbed a bank or a man who didnt buckle under his taxes, but the very same society is not emotionally capable of fully forgiving a man who has been c onvicted of raping a 12 years old girl. In other words, the society still perceives some of the prisoners as a lower class of citizens and they simply cant be forgiven no matter how much they pay for in prison time. According to the Lance, worlds leading general medical journal, the Japanese government has allowed the execution of prisoners with mental illnesses. Regardless of their rights as human beings, such prisoners are being terminated with no questions asked. In addition, the evaluation of a prisoner weather he/she is suffering from mental illness is questionable as well. Therefore, the pop Party of Japan (DPJ) has announced a public argument regarding this issue, hoping that the Japanese government would listen to the other side of the story and might provide some actual rights for such prisoners. Another point to talk about is how the society perceives prisoners as an active part that is capable of establishing as well as amend the world in order to make it a better plac e. As mentioned before in this research, there is a significantly low level of education among prisoners in general. This low level of education reflects negatively on the prisoners image towards their society for their abilities to improve things around. After all, prisoners remain humans with enough mental and strong-arm abilities that can help any society to improve its standard of living.What the society has done for prisonersNew Rights for PrisonersIn response to the prisoners demands for providing them with enough rights that could serve them as human beings, Robert Spencer. Human Events, in article called, Democrats Are Giving Rights to Jihadists, a list of human rights have been provided by the US government to inmates who have been accused to grant terror among a certain society. Some of these rights can be summarized as followsJihadists have the right to have a decent or a honorable lawyer who can defend them and also stop any insults that may appear against them.Jihadis ts will have the right to eat a decent nutrition that can serve their body and continue their survivalJihadists will have the chance to own a Quran the Islamic religious book, in their serving period.Jihadists will not experience psychological torture as a strategy of investigation due to its cruel nature that shall not be use to mankind.Finally, Jihadists will have the opportunity to have phone calls in which they can communicate with their loved once and comfort them.Such rights to be given to prisoners, no matter of whatever it is they have been accused of, create an understanding society that has the ability to forgive as well as the ability to understand why a person has ended up in prison. domineering Court decisions affecting prisoners rightsAnother act in relation to prisoners rights is mentioned in an article called, Prisoners Rights and the Rehnquist Court Era, pen by Christopher E Smith., a journalist. The Supreme Court states that prisoners shall be able to maintain t heir rights as humans and also have the right to fight for their humanity. The Supreme Court also points out the corrections that should be made to lower court decisions regarding the expansion of prisoners rights as human beings with complete protection that will maintain their survival while serving their time in prison.Improve the education level among existing prisonersIn regards to the lower educational level among prisoners, the very same article that discusses this issue Educational Background in a prison population, provides the following proceduresEducation is a central part of the rehabilitation of prison inmates therefore, Thirty- intravenous feeding of the 47 prisons offer education and training.Increased the number of available school places for prison inmates in recent years. Adopting administrative cooperation model, where the prisons are formally linked to the normal public services available outside the prison, such public services provide prisoners with the profe ssional and financial responsibility for education as well as training in the correctional services.A questionnaire to the inmates contained questions about age, gender, citizenship, country of childhood and teenage years to build up a status of the prisoners recent updates as well as their improvement during their serving time.Arguments against capital punishmentCarol S Steiker, a journalist says in her article, Capital Punishment A blow of Discontinuous Debate The most powerful new argument in the end penalty debate one that simply did not exist in any sustained form prior to the modern era of capital punishment in the United States (post- 1976) emphasizes the greater cost of capital punishment compared to the alternate of long-term (even lifetime) imprisonment. The argument has become so ubiquitous in contemporary debates about the death penalty that it is hard to imagine that it was virtually non-existent until a few decades ago. Indeed, in one generation, the cost argument has become perhaps the greatest threat to the continued robust use of capital punishment in the United States. This section will examine how and why the cost argument emerged over the past few decades as well as the reasons for its virtual absence in death penalty discourse during the first centuries of capital practice in this country. Many of our societys members have found out that capital punishment is nothing but a cruel act that the government uses to justify the crimes connected to a prisoner. Moreover, the death penalty has become a major argumentative subject in which it is neither known nor certain the measurement of a persons act that makes him/her deserve such punishment. Also, as Carol states in the article, The inability of our capital system to provide meaningful redress for victims families, pretty much explains the fact that there is a failure in our system regarding the issue of a prisoner being sentenced to death penalty. Therefore, serious actions have been made in order to pay more effort as well as more focus on this quality of punishment and always reconsider other solutions such as Life Time imprisonment instead of just sending someone to his/her death.In conclusion, I have talked about the prisoners environment and how prisoners react to it. I also talked about the general idea about prisoners from the societys perspective and how such an idea impacts prisoners from claiming their rights. Finally I have discussed what the society has done for prisoners in regards to their claims to be treated as human beings regardless of their criminal acts. In Abdullah Bin Omars case as discussed ahead in the introduction of this paper, serious procedures have been in order to provide actual human rights, not only for him especially, but also for all Guantanamo as well as all prisoners who suffer the injustice by those who made justice for them, such procedures were discussed in details under New rights for prisoners in this research. In general, any man who has been convicted with any crime an act that results in harming the society or the surroundings of this person shall be punished so he will know the consequences of his acts and so he will become an example for those who do the same action or attempt to do so. At the same time, it is in the long run important to pay extra attention on the validity of such convictions, the type of punishment that would be determined and finally how to reserve the prisoners right as a human being. After all, we are all humans who are subject to make mistakes, and as a religious person, I believe that its only GOD who has the final say in a mans act and only he can punish this man or forgive him for his mistakes.

Contemporary Russian Thought :: Russian Culture Essays

Trends of Contemporary Russian Thought (1)ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the most young period in the development of Russian thought (1960s-1990s). Proceeding from the cyclical patterns of Russian intellectual history, I propose to name it the third philosophical a wakening. I define the main tendency of this period as the struggle of thought against ideocracy. I then suggest a classification of main trends in Russian thought of this period (1) Dialectical materialism in its evolution from late Stalinism to neo-communist mysticism (2) Neorationalism and Structuralism (3) Neo-Slavophilism, or the Philosophy of National Spirit (4) Personalism and Liberalism (5) spiritual Philosophy and Mysticism, both Christian Orthodox and Non-Traditional (6) Culturology or the Philosophy of Culture (7) Conceptualism or the Philosophy of Postmodernity. The Karamazovs are not scoundrels but philosophers, because all real Russian people are philosophers...Dmitry Karamazov, in Fyodor Dostoevsky. The Br others KaramazovIt is a property of the Russian people to indulge in philosophy. ...The fate of the philosopher in Russia is painful and tragic.Nikolai Berdyaev. The Russian IdeaThe feature that one base annihilate a philosophy . ... or that one can prove that a philosophy annihilates itself is of little consequence. If its really philosophy, then, like the phoenix, it go out always rise again from its own ashes.Friedrich Schlegel. Athenaeum Fragments, trans. Peter Firchow, 103.The last period of the Soviet ideocracy, approximately from the early 1970s through the late 1980s, can be characterized as a period of philosophical awakening, to use the felicitous expression of the theologian Georgy Florovsky (1893 - 1979). Such awakening is usually preceded by a more than or less complicated historical fate, the abundant and long historical experience and ordeal, which now becomes the object of interpretation and discussion. Philosophical life begins as a new mode or a new stage of na tional existence... One can feel in the generation of that epoch some resistless attraction to philosophy, a philosophical passion and thirst, a kind of magical gravitation toward philosophical themes and issues. (2) Florovsky refers here to the first philosophical awakening of Russia in the queer of years from 1830s to 1840s roughly, the generation of Chaadaev, early Westernizers and Slavophiles, such as Belinsky, Herzen, Bakunin, Khomiakov, the brothers Aksakov, and the brothers Kireevsky. (3) Russias second philosophical awakening occurred in the first two decades of the 20th century, following in the wake of the unsuccessful revolution of 1905 and disenchantment of the most refined part of intelligentsia with the low intellectual level of populism, Marxism and other socialist theories.

A Stylistic Analysis of Blue Eyed Soul Essay -- soul roots, gospel blu

The aim of this essay will look at how Blue-eyed soul relates back to its parent genre, consciousness done analysis of musical features. Blue eyed soul is typically described as White musicians who have recreated soul music of the 1960s (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2013). The somewhat ambiguous experimental condition refers to White musicians who emulated black vocal styling and phrasing, and often covered black songs but also established themselves as recording artists with audience crossover skills (Cooper, 2010, p.1). How musically dissimilar is the sub-genre, Blue-eyed soul to Soul or is it only a category which conformed to society norms of the 1960s?Soul roots relate back to stylist elements of Gospel, Blues, Jazz and bike&Blues (Brown 1982 cited in Borthwick and Moy, 2004 Pruter, 1993). It was once under the category of Race music which defined all African American music. Soul is seen as a organise of African-American civil rights movement and is classify as the essence of black culture (Bowman, 2012, p.439). Soul is known for the group of labels, such as Stax and Motown, that had built and produced some(prenominal) of the well known soul artist we know of today.Many of the artists that began the rise of soul came from other musical genre background including Jazz, blues and gospel, for example tool Charles and Sam cooke. Sam Cooke had a professional Gospel career before becoming known for his smooth soulful style with his secular lyrics and a more(prenominal) Pop sound, a good example of this is Twistin the night away. The song has prominent vocals and the instruments stayed more in the background. For Soul, the focus on vocals is typical and before singer songwriters were popular, it was the saving and presentation from the vocalist, to interpret the lyrics i... ...33 (5), 663-693.Neal, M. A. (2005). White chocolate soul Teena Marie and Lewis Taylor. Popular music, 24(3), 369-380. doi10.1017/S0261143005000577Myers, M. (2012,12 July). The song that conquered radio. The wall street journal. Retrieved from http//uk.wsj.com/Phil Spectors wall of sound. (2009, 14 April). BBC news. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/Pruter, R, (1993). The Blackwell guide to Soul recording edited by Robert Pruter. Oxford Blackwell Publishers.Shaw, A., (1986). Black popular music in America from the spirituals, minstrel and ragtime to soul, disco and hip-hop. New York Schirmer Books.soul music.(2014). Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Retrieved 06 January, 2014, from http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555198/soul-musicTymieniecka, B. (Director) (2009). Da doo ron ron The story of Phil Spector. DVD. US Charley Films.

Free Essays - A Difference in Values in The Good Earth :: Earth

A Difference in ValuesThe House of Wang Lung rose in unity generation from a family of poor farmers to a wealthy respected house in the novel The Good Earth by Pearl Buck. The dramatic qualify in social status causes the sons of Wang Lung to have different views and values from their father. His different treatment of each son also shapes each character. Although part of the same family the charachters wrangle a difference in values. The father values the body politic, the youngest son values regognition, the middle son values wealth, and the eldest son values respect.As a result of his impoverished upbringing, Wang Lung values the land more than anything else. His obsession with the land causes him to neglect his family. The youngest son receives no attention and Wang Lungs plan to have him work the land disturbs him and makes him feel like a peasant. He feels that he has to prove that he is as great as his br separates and leaves the family to join the army. The middle son watc hes as his inheritance passes from his fathers hand into the hand of his eldest son, and complains that his share is always too small. He wants to save the families money. The eldest son receives more attention and is given more than the other(a) two sons and wants to be respected as a great family. The eldest son receives more attention and is given more than the other two sons and wants to be respected as a great family. Wang Lung is proud of his first born son, Nung En, and gives him more than his other two sons. One example is when Wang Lung becomes distressed because he cannot construe the contracts he is signing and does not want to sign a bad deal. He hopes that sending the elder son to school to learn how to read lead solve this problem. The elder son is no longer needed in the fields, because Wang Lung can now afford men to work the land. However, he ignores sending his other children to school until later. The eldest sons greatest desire is to have his family viewed a s a great house. His wife, the daughter of the grain merchant Lui,Boggs 2grew up in a rich house, she is accustomed to wealth and respect from others, and contributes to her husbands desire. He takes Wang Lungs silver bit by bit to mend up the old House of Hwang.

The Role of Jews in American Politics Essay -- Jews in Politics, 2015

Since our country was established, immigrants from all over the world have come to America seeking a better life. As they progressively become more acquainted with the American life style they tend to become more involved in the passing(a) interest of their new country. Specifically, Jews have been in the United States for centuries, but for a long time anti-Semitism and discrimination have made it very embarrassing for them to participate in politics. Jews have become a more active part of American politics due to Senator Liebermans candidacy for Vice President. However, Jews role in American politics has progressed over the years.In the early years of our nations history Jews were not as actively involved in semipolitical positions. Senator Lieberman suggested that one reason, why Jews did not enter active politics during the start of the twentieth century was because of anti-Semitism. Over the course of the second half of the past century, particularly following World War II, Jews were among the strongest voices in the civil rights movement. Jews became financial power houses and supported the candidates of their choice with money. The events of the last century the Vietnam War, womens movement, and environmental programs inspired many an(prenominal) American Jews to enter politics, for the very purpose of improving the world. As Senator Lieberman says in his introduction to Jews in American Politics, it is the practice of Jews to want to make the world a better place to repair the world in Hebrew, Tikkun Olam (Maisel and Forman XXII)In the history of the United States before the invigorated Deal was created by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the the Jewish community was politically weak and its role in American society precarious. During t... ... strength ( polity Dispatches No. 52). Joe Lieberman helped to pave a road for all ethnicities, as Mario Cuomo the creator governor of New York commented, if the Jews can make it, then Italian Americans can make it, Hispanic Americans can make it and African Americans can make it (Policy Dispatchers No. 52). Throughout time Jews have faced anti-Semitism and criticism. However, they have excelled and Joe Lieberman after the 2002 election has become the icon of a historic tint forward in the complete integration of Jews in American society (Policy Dispatchers No. 52). Works CitedMaisel, L. Sandy, and Ira N. Forman. Jews in American Politics. New York Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001.Policy Dispatches No. 52. World Jewish Congress 5 Dec. 2002 .

Budgeting Issues :: essays papers

Budgeting IssuesMusic programs have a history of getting pushed aside in favor of subjects considered to be more academically valuable. From the 1970s onward, medicinal drug and humanistic discipline have been routinely cut from school budgets. Until recently, New York City lacked almost any arts educational activity program, and the Los Angeles school district had one specialty arts teacher per 4,700 students (Coeyman, 1998). According to the California Department of Education, the percentage of children who have access to music education has declined by half over the past five days (American). In addition, California schools ar considering removing any music requirement for graduation (American). There are two main reasons for these cuts money and test scores (Moran, 2004). In the wake of the No Child Left shadow Act, music education has been yet again squeezed from school budgets and schedules. With pressure mounting to raise reading and mathematics scores, school a dministrators have added more reading and math classes that leave little opportunity for elective courses like music (Moran, 2004). Music teacher employment has been decrease to the point that in Seattle, eleven teachers teach all of the elementary music classes in the districts seventy schools (de Barros, 2004).No Child Left BehindThough No Child Left Behind is intended to improve the education system of the United States, interpretations of the act have lead to cuts in music education programs across the nation. While No Child Left Behind is a good idea in theory, in practice it has yet to work. The centering of funding has turned from what is good for students to what will help raise test scores. Paul Young, former president of the National Association of Elementary School Principals, commented on the trend among his colleagues to shrink funding for music education. As stated in a press release, Music education helps a student learn how to think, and without it schools are only creating kids who are able to pass tests (Andrews, 2003). He is further quoted as saying, When you take the arts away, particularly music, youre messing with a communitys identity. Those principals out there who dont understand that and are only focusing on test scores are making a mistake (Andrews, 2003). Secretary of Education Rod Paige echoes Youngs sentiments No Child Left Behind included the arts as a core academic subject because of their importance to a childs education (2004).