Standardized Testing Measurement of Academic Achievement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1284 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Management Essay Level High school Tags: Standardized Testing Essay Did you like this example? According to Albert Einstein, Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid. This is exactly the case with standardized testing, a method of consistent multiple-choice testing that is the same throughout, including the time allowed to take the test and the questions on the test (Burrows 1). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Standardized Testing: Measurement of Academic Achievement" essay for you Create order The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2002 requires all U.S. government-owned schools to administer annual standardized testing to measure the academic progress of all of their students (Chubb 10). The U.S. is the only highly developed nation that requires schools owned federally to complete numerous standardized tests yearly (How Standardized Testing Damages Education 2). The belief of the government, school faculty, and the public is that standardized testing allows a thorough examination of future collegiate success, evaluation of teachers, and assessment of school achievement. But, in fact, standardized testing is negatively impacting the quality of education, is remarkably biased, and is an outrageously ineffective way to appraise student and teacher achievement. The pressures on schools to perform fittingly on state-mandated tests are being forced to teach to the test through low-quality curriculum and test prep rather than having students think analytically and creatively throughout their primary and secondary education (Chubb 9). For example, students have a pressure placed on them to perform satisfactorily on the SAT to get accepted into their college of choice (Moore et al. 49). This causes many students to spend undue amounts of time preparing for the test through Pre-SATs, test preparatory courses, and study booklets and in turn, drives students away from their regular schoolwork to prepare for these tests (Moore at al. 49). Alexia Garcia, a 2013 graduate of Lincoln High School in Portland, Oregon says [Testing] felt really irrelevant and disconnected from what we were doing in class (Rizga 40). Multiple choice tests are efficient for scoring hundreds of tests at one time through robots, which causes most administrators of standardized tests leave open-ended or extended response questions nonexistent which require critical thinking because they require human readers(The Room 241 Team 1). The consistent multiple choice questions on standardized tests cause poor assessment of students ability. Additionally, less time is being spent on the sciences, social studies, and the arts to prepare students to take the tests in math, reading and writing (The Room 241 Team 1). Minorities, English-learners, and low-income students suffer the most from these state-mandated practices, and, consequently, they are all more likely to be denied a diploma, be placed in remedial programs, or be forced to be held back in their grade (How Standardized Testing Damages Education 1). For this reason, standardized testing remains intensely biased towards the English-speaking, white middle class. For one, all students across all ethnic lines score better on the SAT if they have taken advanced-level courses [and] minorities and students from low-income schools seldom have access to such courses because these courses are often expensive (Moore et al. 49) If the students that have experienced preparatory programs and score well, it is not a reflection of their intelligence and ability to learn, but rather their ability to afford such resources. Maria Blanco with the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund states the SAT has turned into a barrier to students of colo r [because] it keeps out very qualified kids who have overcome obstacles but dont test very well (Moore et al. 50). Also, those, usually minorities and low-class adolescents, that have poor access to schooling and an educational system are less likely to score well on the standardized tests every year and put them at risk for being deemed unworthy or impaired (Rizga 41). Kristina Rizga presents an analogy for the opportunities for each class of student on such tests. She states that high-class students ride through the education system on an elevator supported by high-quality teachers, curriculum, and tutors. Middle-class students ride on an escalator of which their parents might struggle to support but will work to access the necessary resources for their child. Low-class students take the poorly-kept staircases with cracks, missing steps, and no handrails (41). This becomes evident in their standardized test scores because high-class students score head and shoulders above on the exams due to the fact they can afford high-quality schooling. Ethnic minorities, non-traditional students, and women are also at disadvantages because of the high probability they will fall into the low-class group (Moore et al. 49). Because of this, in 2001, males outscored females by 42 points despite the fact that females outperform males in actual high school classes ( Moore et al. 49). Also, African Americans scored an average of 859 on the SAT while White students averaged 1060 (Moore et al. 49). The ability for students to perform well on a one-time test that will determine their intelligence, ability to learn in college, or their future academic strides is unfathomable. Research shows that many students have the capability to do well in college but they dont have requisite resources to be able to score high on exams such as the SAT or ACT, producing false negatives (Moore et al. 53). False negatives are adolescents that take the standardized tests and score poorly but, in all reality, they have the same intelligence as someone who scored exponentially higher than they did (Moore et al. 48). These students are rerouted to community colleges or technical schools where the chance of success in their field is very low (Moore et al. 52). Standardized testing also puts unnecessary strain on teachers. Test scores are used to determine the amount of funding a school will garner based on student accomplishment, and this causes teachers to reach to repetitive teaching and tests in th e classroom instead of improving their teaching ability, which requires time and diligent interaction with students (Rizga 43). Moreover, school administrators have been drawn to suspending the low performing students, mostly African Americans and Latinos, as a way to boost their overall test score average (Rigza 41). The Government Accountability Office reported 33 states had an instance where school staff was plainly cheating on the 2011-2012 school year tests (Rigza 41). Additionally, standardized testing can be used for the evaluation of teachers in the school, showing data and proof for schools to fire old teachers and hire new teachers (How Standardized Testing Damages Education 2). It is said that teachers performance shouldnt be evaluated with a one-time test, but rather classroom observation of student work and behavior because some students succeed in school, yet do not perform well on tests. This could deter striving educators away from schools in fear their teaching ability isnt up to par with the standards set in place, which could cause increased demand for teachers and educators (How Standardized Testing Damages Education 2). Other countries, including those that are as advanced or less advanced than the United States, have used testing strategies including essay writing testing ana lytical and critical thinking that clearly promote higher-order thinking and problem solving and push schools to expose students to rich and diverse content (Chubb 9). Since other nations dont focus so much on multiple choice testing methods, they score excessively higher on international school ranking tests, putting themselves over one of the most highly developed nations in the world (How Standardized Testing Damages Education 1). Standardized testing is unfair considering its intense bias against women, minorities, and low-class individuals. It is unsustainable due to the fact it puts unnecessary pressures on teachers and faculty to be genuinely confident in their students ability to obtain high test scores. It is flat out unneeded as college admissions officers could not care less how students perform on current state tests (Chubb 11) and that the SAT is a good measure of a students ability to take the SAT (Moore et al. 49), not their predicted success in the college world.

Basic Types Of Price Discrimination - 1740 Words

Price discrimination is defined as charging customers a different price for the same product. One major factor of price discrimination is elasticity of demand. Elasticity of demand measures the percentage of change in quantity to percentage of change in price. If the percent of change is greater than one, it is elastic. On the other hand, if the percentage of change is less than one, it is inelastic. For customers who are not price sensitive, or the demand is elastic, when using price discrimination, the price would rise. The price would be lower for customers who respond more to changes in price, or the demand is elastic. Whenever price discrimination is possible, it can be highly profitable for a business. Further, there are three different types of price discrimination. First-degree price discrimination, otherwise known as perfect price discrimination, is when a firm charges every customer exactly how much they are willing to pay for that good and charges a different price for every unit consumed. Some examples include car sales and roadside sellers of fruit and produce. Next, second-degree price discrimination is when firms discriminate though volume discounts. This is when a firm charges a different price for different qualities and allows buyers to purchase a higher inventory at a reduced price. An example of this would be quantity discounts for bulk purchases. While benefiting the high-inventory buyers, it can hurt the low-inventory buyer who is forced to pay aShow MoreRelatedBasic Types Of Price Discrimination Essay1757 Words   |  8 PagesPrice discrimination is defined as charging different customers different prices for the same product. One major factor of price discriminat ion is elasticity of demand. 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Customer satisfaction Essay Example For Students

Customer satisfaction Essay Customer Satisfaction StrategiesWhat is customer satisfaction?We are in the midst of a revolution in business. Some call it a customer revolution, others a quality revolution, others a service revolution. Organizations are attempting to obtain increased customer satisfaction by focusing on the quality of their products and the service provided. This movement toward quality has produced significant benefits but just like other business fads, joining and adopting the religion does not insure that the real objective of producing customer satisfaction will be obtained. Customer satisfaction is a key ingredient to the success of any business.It is the most important factor that creates repeated customers. Some people know it but do not realize its importance. If a customer of yours is satisfied with one of your products or services, chances are this customer will purchase more of your products or services, which will increase your revenue. Therefore, in order to have your new or existing customers buy more from you, you will have to follow techniques that work. Customer satisfaction takes a very important place in Marketing. As much as you think that your marketing strategies should help you generate sales, think about how the same marketing strategies could help you achieve Customer satisfaction. There are a lot of elements involved with Customer satisfaction. We will write a custom essay on Customer satisfaction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Know the problems of your customers and what they are looking for, then offer them the right products and outline the benefits to them. Most of the time, customers do not care about your product or its features. They care about what your product does for them. Therefore, do not just list the features of what you offer, but rather add the benefits of your products or anything you offer to your targeted audience (your customers or visitors). This is a very effective element for Customer satisfaction. The more profitable firms are those that are able to maintain their most valued customers throughout time. To satisfy a customer means to make him faithful and customer satisfaction becomes the index that measures the ability of the firm to produce income for the future. The virtuous circle of customer satisfaction :What is quality?We commonly view quality as a physical property of our product and therefore see our task as producing a product that meets these physical characteristics. However, customers do not buy products just based on their assessment of quality. They buy a whole set of expectations that they have formulated out of their unique concerns. These interpretations of the promises they listen you make or your product delivers are the product they are buying. Their expectations may contain some expected product characteristics or standards but these will vary from customer to customer. They may or may not be similar to standards you have designed into your product or service. They can be lower or higher. The traditional understanding of quality assumes that if we determine and adopt a set of standards or measurements for our product or service and meet these standards, our customers should be satisfied. However, meeting our quality standards does not necessarily insure that our customer will declare they are satisfied or even agree that we produce a quality product. We claim that quality is not a physical property. We say it lives in our conversations as an assessment or opinion. It varies depending upon who is speaking. The assessment of quality is dependent on some set of assumed standards. These standards are typically developed based upon some opinion of this is what the customer wants. Unfortunately, all customers are not the same and most do not share the same concerns or standards of what will satisfy those concerns. .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 , .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .postImageUrl , .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 , .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57:hover , .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57:visited , .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57:active { border:0!important; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57:active , .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57 .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5045978a5c237060ce2776af548ba57:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eating Healthy EssayWhat is service?Good service is often viewed as being nice to the customer. This takes the form of being accommodating, never saying no, promising anything they ask for and always being courteous. Although we are not suggesting that it is ever appropriate to be rude or discourteous, we do claim that in our attempts to please we often create customer expectations that exceed our competency or capacity to deliver. Attempts to please can also violate those standards put in place to minimize our risk or produce a profit. When customers have different expectations than what we produce (or can produce), we are not providing good service, we are setting the st age for dissatisfaction. In a similar manner, when we provide a product or service at a loss, we produce dissatisfaction for our stakeholders and ultimately can not sustain our viability. We say that service is an assessment our customer makes in the following areas:The actions we take or do not take. The conversations we have or do not have. The promises and offers we make or do not make. The manner in which we craft their expectations and manage these expectations. The way we listen to their concerns and tailor our actions to take care of these concerns. What is satisfaction?The traditional focus on quality and service does not produce a valid interpretation of satisfaction, on how it is generated and how we can produce it. Our common understanding assumes that if we provide enough quality or enough service, satisfaction will result. However, we have evidence to support that quality and service alone can not produce recurrent satisfaction. Satisfaction is a distinct and separate issue. We claim that it is the customers entire experience with us that determines his or her declaration of satisfaction. We say that this experience is not objective at all but totally subjective. It is the customers call. That call is based upon the customers perception of the experience. This perception is his/her interpretation of the value received played back against his expectations. We say that satisfaction is a linguistic phenomenon, a spoken or written declaration made by a customer in conversations with us or others. It is a declaration that we have given them authority to make. This declaration does not require any objective evidence. It can be a declaration made with no reason. Our interactions with the customer, the promises made to the customer in these conversations, the customers expectations generated in these conversations, and the actions we take that are consistent with those expectations combine to produce a declaration of satisfaction when we ask.

What is art Essay Summary Example For Students

What is art? Essay Summary We Humans have been creating art since prehistoric times. Each culture and historic time seems to have its own definition of what art is. Each culture creates its own ideals for how art should look. What is art? is not a simple question with only one correct answer. Most artists have a vision that they need to express. This vision usually cant be explained adequately with words, art has its own language and vocabulary, of visual ideas, form, color, space, art history, emotions, and spirit. It is often thought that art is one of the inessential frills of life, that its purpose is simply to decorate a room, or to be beautiful. We will write a custom essay on What is art? Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But the best art deals with the essentials of life, whether it be love, death, war, human relationships, or affirmation of the human spirit. The job description of an artist is to make us look, think, and feel, by whatever means necessary, and according to the particular artists training, vision, experience, and point of reference. Art can be much more than a rectangular painting on a wall, or a piece of sculpture on a pedestal. Since the early 20th century, art has continued to evolve more forms, many of which cross over old or arbitrary barriers of labels and categories. The main objective, and distinguishing characteristic, of good art, is its expression, what it is saying. To accomplish this communication, artists need to create freely and question assumptions about art, and about themselves and their audience. Traditional paintings until the 20th century tried, to be an illusion of reality, as though the viewer was looking through a window into a space or the outside world. Techniques used to create this illusion of reality were perspective, foreshortening, shading to create three dimensions, and other spatial cues to give the illusion of spatial depth. In the late 19th century, artists began to put aside this need for illusion, and with Cubism in the early 20th century, created collages which had no pretensions of three dimensionality. Also, in the 19th century, paintings were about what they were about, a landscape was just that, a historical or religious painting had a clear meaning related to the historical or religious event depicted. Or they could have symbolic intent. In modern and contemporary art, the work may not have a subject in this sense, if it is abstract or non-objective. And often, the work is about art itself, that is, it is related to other art of the past or present, or its subject is the nature of art. What is art? what is perception? and other questions related to the nature of art in contemporary society. There is also a difference between subject matter and content in modern and contemporary art. Subject matter means what the work of art depicts, that is, what the image is. Content means what the meaning of the work is. The style of artworks is a relatively superficial issue, and style labels are often inaccurate and misleading. Most artists do not fit neatly into categories of style, plus, they grow and change as artists. However, there are some characteristics to certain art movements, even though some of its members may not have these characteristics. For instance, Impressionism can be said to be about color and light, though the style of Degas is very different from Monet or Renoir. Expressionism can be said to be about emotion, and perhaps suffering, though styles varied among expressionistic painters. Cubism was about space and composition, though it had several types, analytical, synthetic, and collage. Surrealism tended to be about the unconscious, fantasy, dreams and other imagery, though its artists produced wildly divergent styles of art. The Abstract expressionists tended to deal with abstract imagery and spirit/emotion, though their work varied from Jackson Pollock to Barnett Newman . Art is often about the visual elements: color, structure, and the forms themselves. So finally, art to me is not a frill. It often deals with the most important issues in life, and can affect us very deeply, especially noticed by everyone in the universe. It inspires us to positivity, brotherhood, survival, love, and understanding.